Today i was surfing on net and after studying i came to know about the history of "khyber pass" which is under here...
The Khyber Pass has been a silent witness of countless great events in the history of mankind. With it are intimately associated the names of great kings and invaders. It remained the scene of the activities of the Aryians, Persians, Greeks, Scytho-Parthians, Kushans, Afghans, Sikhs, Mughals and British adventures. The very name of Khyber, which in Hebro means palace or castle, is of Arabic derivation and its namesake is very well known in Arabia
The Khyber Pass is 53-km passage through the Hindu Kush mountain ranges. At its narrowest point, the pass is only 16 meters vide. It is the best land route between Pakistan and Afghanistan which had a long and rich history. It has also been a major trade route for centuries and the conquering armies have used the pass for there invasions. The pass reaches its highest elevation of 1066meters from the sea level at Landikotal.
In 326bc, Alexander and his army marched through the Khyber Pass to reach the plains of India. In the 900ad, Mongols, Tatars and Persian armies forced there way through the Khyber Pass. It is the pass through which the subcontinent was invaded by conquers like Taimur, Babar, nadir shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali.
During the years 1842, when India was part of the British Empire, a battle was fought here between the Anglo Indian soldiers and native Afghans, in which 16000 British and Indian troops were killed. So the British constructed a road through the pass in 1879 and converted it into a highway during 1920.how ever, the original alignment of the road was laid by engineer Qasim khan in the time of the Mughal emperor Akbar.
A rail track was also built for military purpose in1925 to safe guard the strategic location of the Khyber Pass so closely situated near the Pak Afghan border to protect the British rule. now a days this railway track and running of steam locomotive on it is a tremendous tourist attraction.
The Muslim armies 1st appeared on the scene at the pass in the year 997 ad under the command of Subuktagin and later his celebrated son Mahmood of Ghazni marched through t it with his army as many as 17 times between 1001-1030.
Year 1919 again saw the movement of British troops through the Khyber during the 3rd afghan war. The valiant sons of Khyber converged upon Peshawar in 1930 to give vent to their feelings of resentment against the indiscriminate firing of the British troops on freedom lovers in the famous Qissa Khawanee Bazaar.
The invasion of Khyber Pass is still on not by the conquerors now but by thousand of visitors every year who cross the pass with great interest besides a large number of foreign dignitaries including the head of states.
That is my first attempt to write something about pathans in this regard i have taken help from the internet facility which is below for you people..
The Pathans live in Northern Pakistan and Afghanistan. The group is made up of some 60 Pushto-speaking tribes. The Pathans, also known as Pakhtuns, Pashtuns, Pushtuns, and Pakhtoons, number some 10 million in Pakistan and some 8 million in Afghanistan. They make up the largest ethnocultural group in Afghanistan.
The Pathans comprise distinct groups. Some live as nomads in the high mountains with herds of goats and camels; others, such as those living in the Swat Valley, are farmers; and still others are traders or seasonal laborers. However, this ethnographic description defies the fact that they constitute more than 20% of Pakistan's armed forces and dominate Pakistan's transportation industry and have provided the most popular Pakistani president Ayub Khan who lead the major industrialization movement which Pakistan has seen in the last 54 years.
The British attacked the Pathans in the late 19th and early 20th century. They were finally forced to offer the Pathans a semiautonomous area between the border of British India and Afghanistan. After the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the new nation annexed the Pathan border regions.
In the early 1950s, the Soviet Union through Afghanistan supported Pathan ambitions for the creation of an independent Pushtunistan (also called Pakhtunistan) in the border areas of West Pakistan. Several border clashes and ruptures of diplomatic relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan ensued. The movement was never able to gain popular support considering that Pathans in Pakistan were always better off than Pathans in Afghanistan.
Pathans also helped liberate the part of Kashmir which is now under Pakistan's control. Their support and hospitality to more than four million Afghan refugees was crucial in Afghan's liberation from the Soviet Union.
The Pathans are known as people who are brave, simple, and sincere in their dealings with others. They are noted as fierce fighters, and throughout history they have offered strong resistance to invaders. They staunchly hold on to their cultural traditions and connect with one another in a visceral way.
Most are guided by a tribal code of ethics, Pakhtunwali, or "way of the Pakhtun (Pathan)." Tribal customs and traditions make up the biggest part of the Pathan society. The tenets of Pakhtunwali show the true essence of Pathan culture and these rules are followed religiously. It incorporates the following major practices: "melmastia" (hospitality and protection to every guest); "nanawati" (the right of a fugitive to seek a place of refuge, and acceptance of his bona fide offer of peace); "badal" (the right of blood feuds or revenge); "tureh" (bravery); "sabar" (steadfastness); "imandari" (righteousness); "'isteqamat" (persistence); "ghayrat" (defense of property and honor); and "mamus" (defense of one's women).
As you people already know about the "SARS" .
but now i am going in detail and just putting light on the above mentioned disease.
May be it adds to your knowledge!!
First "SARS" stands for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. so from the abbrevation it si quite clear that it is a disease relating to the respiratory system. and also more about that. now i am going in detail about that disease..so
First recognized as a global threat in mid-March 2003, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) was successfully contained in less than four months. On 5 July 2003, WHO reported that the last human chain of transmission of SARS had been broken.
While much has been learned about this syndrome since March 2003, including its causation by a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV), our knowledge about the epidemiology and ecology of SARS coronavirus infection and of this disease remains limited. Resurgence of SARS remains a distinct possibility and does not allow for complacency.
In the post-outbreak period, all countries must remain vigilant for the recurrence of SARS and maintain their capacity to detect and respond to the re-emergence of SARS should it occur. The WHO case definitions during the outbreak period relied heavily on epidemiological criteria to increase the specificity of syndromic clinical criteria for atypical pneumonia or respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). However, epidemiological links to cases of SARS and areas reporting recent local transmission are no longer of use in helping to define incident cases. Furthermore, the non-specific clinical features of SARS, the lack of a current rapid diagnostic test that can reliably detect SARS-CoV in the first few days of illness, and the seasonal occurrence of other respiratory diseases, including influenza, may confound any surveillance for SARS or demand a level of quality and intensity which few health care system worldwide can sustain. Even with the most sophisticated surveillance systems, the first case of SARS in the post-outbreak period may escape early detection.
also for that it is also clear from the above given Statistically estimated SARS infection curves.
Also the person affected by the sars disease is mentioned.
hey people nowadyas the latest cellular phone of nokia is arrived in market.
having interesting casing and other follwing features described below..
so
Use the Nokia N95 for connecting to mobile Broadband using WLAN or HSDPA (3.5G) with up to 10 times faster downloading than 3G. Find directions and locations with the integrated GPS and included maps. The Nokia N95 is a GSM/WCDMA dual mode portable multimedia computer supporting EGSM 850/900/1800/1900 and WCDMA 2100 HSDPA. Use the Nokia N95 to take photos with a 5 megapixel autofocus camera and enjoy videos, music and graphics with crystal clarity on the 2.6” QVGA (240 x 320 pixels), 16M color display. Listen to music with enhanced “3D stereo” using the built-in dual speakers or for a big screen experience, connect the Nokia N95 to a compatible TV using direct TV out connectivity or via Wireless LAN and UPnP technology. Additional Nokia N95 features include USB 2.0, Bluetooth 2.0 EDR with A2DP stereo audio, and MicroSD memory card support.
Industry experts and analysts have broadly welcomed the launch of BT Vision - the telecommunication firms' IP television service.
BT Vision mixes digital TV channels with on-demand programmes, sports events and movies delivered via the net.
One analyst said he was "more impressed" than he thought he would be prior to the launch of the service and other industry watchers said it looked expensive when compared to similar services in the UK.
Copyright criminals must face far tougher regulation to protect the entertainment industry, a report says.
The Gowers Report was commissioned by the government to look at modernising UK copyright laws for the digital age.
While it proposes new powers against copyright infringement, it also says private users should be allowed to copy music from a CD to their MP3 player.
It also recommends the 50-year copyright protection for recorded music should not be extended.
Satellite television company BSkyB has said it will work with internet search giant Google in order to develop its broadband services and products.
BSkyB, which offers a free broadband internet service to customers, said it would focus on three areas: search and adverts, videos and communications.
The firm are the latest to join forces and try to meet consumer calls for on-demand media and internet products.
Earlier this week, UK phone firm BT launched its broadband TV service.
Anyone wanting to view an obscure tome from the vaults of the British Library will be able to look for it online from Thursday.
Microsoft is releasing its Live Search Books, a rival to Google's Book Search, in test, or beta, version in the US.
The digital archive will include books from the collections of the British Library, the University of California and the University of Toronto.
Books from three other institutions will be added in January 2007.
Growing use of the web is stripping people of their personal privacy, warns a UN agency report.The number of passwords and logins web users need makes it inevitable they will re-use phrases, warned the International Telecommunications Union.
Re-using these identifiers puts people at serious risk of falling victim to identity theft, said the ITU report.
It called on regulators and businesses to find better ways for people to identify themselves to websites.
THE PICTURE IS Man first set foot on the Moon in 1969
US space agency Nasa has said it plans to start work on a permanently-occupied base on the Moon after astronauts begin flying back there in 2020
The base is likely to be built on one of the Moon's poles and will serve as a science centre and possible stepping stone for manned missions to Mars.
The US has already said it plans to build a new lunar spacecraft to succeed the last Apollo mission in 1972.
Funds will be moved from space shuttle flights, due to be scrapped in 2010.
(EARLY LIFE OF RONALDINHO)ONE OF THE QUICKEST PLAYER OF FOOTBALL
Ronaldinho was born in Vila Nova, a neighborhood in Porto Alegre, Brazil. He was the youngest of three children. Ronaldinho's mother Miguelina is a former salesperson who later studied to become a nurse. His father João was a shipyard worker and footballer for Cruzeiro. The family moved to a more affluent home in Porto Alegre when Ronaldinho's older brother Roberto signed to play professional football for Grêmio. João died when Ronaldinho was 8, after suffering a heart attack while swimming in the family's pool. Injuries ended Roberto's career prematurely, and he now manages Ronaldinho. Ronaldinho's sister Deisi works as his press coordinator.[3][4] Ronaldinho's son, named João after his father, was born on 25 February, 2005. João's mother is Janaína Nattielle Viana Mendes, a former dancer on the Brazilian television show Domingão do Faustão.[5]
THE FORMER AMERICAN PRESIDENT BILL CLINTON NOW HELPING IN THE TREATMENT OF HIV /AIDS
The former american prisedent clinton has called a meeting in which the foundation decided that now they are trying to make the treatment of hiv/aids cheaper for the childern..
He announced the deal in his speech in a childern hospital near new delhi???
ISOLATION!!!!
The dengue virus, first isolated in 1943, is morphologically indistinguishable from the agent causing yellow fever. Four dengue virus serotypes cause an acute febrile, generally self-limited disease, but only a minority of patients, about one per cent, may progress to the complicated disease stage.
Dengue fever has been recognized for at least several hundred years since Benjamin Rush from Philadelphia first described it as a "breakbone fever"in 1780. Frequently occurring as an epidemic in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa, its transmission has been increasing during the past few decades. Successive introduction and circulation of all four serotypes of the virus into Central, South America and the Caribbean have happened since 1977.
Bala Hisar Fort is one of the most historic places of Peshawar. The word Bala Hisar is from Persian, meaning, “elevated or high fort”. According to Dr. Hussain Khan, the name was given by the Afghan King Taimur Shah Durrani (1773-1793). The Sikhs who conquered Peshawar in the early 19th century named it Samir Garh in 1834 but the name did not become popular. The fort stands on a high mound in the northwestern corner of Peshawar City. No long ago the fort used to be conspicuously away from the old city of Peshawar but now the construction of new buildings has covered space between the old city and the fort. However the fort being high, gives a commanding and panoramic view of Peshawar and the entire Peshawar valley. On a clear day, one can see the mountains encircling Peshawar valley and beyond. The area covered by the inner wall of the fort is about 10 acres and the outer wall is about 15 acres. The height of the fort is about 90 feet above ground level.
As you people already know about the "SARS" .
but now i am going in detail and just putting light on the above mentioned disease.
May be it adds to your knowledge!!
First "SARS" stands for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. so from the abbrevation it si quite clear that it is a disease relating to the respiratory system. and also more about that. now i am going in detail about that disease..so
First recognized as a global threat in mid-March 2003, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) was successfully contained in less than four months. On 5 July 2003, WHO reported that the last human chain of transmission of SARS had been broken.
While much has been learned about this syndrome since March 2003, including its causation by a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV), our knowledge about the epidemiology and ecology of SARS coronavirus infection and of this disease remains limited. Resurgence of SARS remains a distinct possibility and does not allow for complacency.
In the post-outbreak period, all countries must remain vigilant for the recurrence of SARS and maintain their capacity to detect and respond to the re-emergence of SARS should it occur. The WHO case definitions during the outbreak period relied heavily on epidemiological criteria to increase the specificity of syndromic clinical criteria for atypical pneumonia or respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). However, epidemiological links to cases of SARS and areas reporting recent local transmission are no longer of use in helping to define incident cases. Furthermore, the non-specific clinical features of SARS, the lack of a current rapid diagnostic test that can reliably detect SARS-CoV in the first few days of illness, and the seasonal occurrence of other respiratory diseases, including influenza, may confound any surveillance for SARS or demand a level of quality and intensity which few health care system worldwide can sustain. Even with the most sophisticated surveillance systems, the first case of SARS in the post-outbreak period may escape early detection.
also for that it is also clear from the above given Statistically estimated SARS infection curves.
Also the person affected by the sars disease is mentioned.
hey people nowadyas the latest cellular phone of nokia is arrived in market.
having interesting casing and other follwing features described below..
so
Use the Nokia N95 for connecting to mobile Broadband using WLAN or HSDPA (3.5G) with up to 10 times faster downloading than 3G. Find directions and locations with the integrated GPS and included maps. The Nokia N95 is a GSM/WCDMA dual mode portable multimedia computer supporting EGSM 850/900/1800/1900 and WCDMA 2100 HSDPA. Use the Nokia N95 to take photos with a 5 megapixel autofocus camera and enjoy videos, music and graphics with crystal clarity on the 2.6” QVGA (240 x 320 pixels), 16M color display. Listen to music with enhanced “3D stereo” using the built-in dual speakers or for a big screen experience, connect the Nokia N95 to a compatible TV using direct TV out connectivity or via Wireless LAN and UPnP technology. Additional Nokia N95 features include USB 2.0, Bluetooth 2.0 EDR with A2DP stereo audio, and MicroSD memory card support.
Industry experts and analysts have broadly welcomed the launch of BT Vision - the telecommunication firms' IP television service.
BT Vision mixes digital TV channels with on-demand programmes, sports events and movies delivered via the net.
One analyst said he was "more impressed" than he thought he would be prior to the launch of the service and other industry watchers said it looked expensive when compared to similar services in the UK.
Copyright criminals must face far tougher regulation to protect the entertainment industry, a report says.
The Gowers Report was commissioned by the government to look at modernising UK copyright laws for the digital age.
While it proposes new powers against copyright infringement, it also says private users should be allowed to copy music from a CD to their MP3 player.
It also recommends the 50-year copyright protection for recorded music should not be extended.
Satellite television company BSkyB has said it will work with internet search giant Google in order to develop its broadband services and products.
BSkyB, which offers a free broadband internet service to customers, said it would focus on three areas: search and adverts, videos and communications.
The firm are the latest to join forces and try to meet consumer calls for on-demand media and internet products.
Earlier this week, UK phone firm BT launched its broadband TV service.
Anyone wanting to view an obscure tome from the vaults of the British Library will be able to look for it online from Thursday.
Microsoft is releasing its Live Search Books, a rival to Google's Book Search, in test, or beta, version in the US.
The digital archive will include books from the collections of the British Library, the University of California and the University of Toronto.
Books from three other institutions will be added in January 2007.
Growing use of the web is stripping people of their personal privacy, warns a UN agency report.The number of passwords and logins web users need makes it inevitable they will re-use phrases, warned the International Telecommunications Union.
Re-using these identifiers puts people at serious risk of falling victim to identity theft, said the ITU report.
It called on regulators and businesses to find better ways for people to identify themselves to websites.
THE PICTURE IS Man first set foot on the Moon in 1969
US space agency Nasa has said it plans to start work on a permanently-occupied base on the Moon after astronauts begin flying back there in 2020
The base is likely to be built on one of the Moon's poles and will serve as a science centre and possible stepping stone for manned missions to Mars.
The US has already said it plans to build a new lunar spacecraft to succeed the last Apollo mission in 1972.
Funds will be moved from space shuttle flights, due to be scrapped in 2010.
The former american prisedent clinton has called a meeting in which the foundation decided that now they are trying to make the treatment of hiv/aids cheaper for the childern..
He announced the deal in his speech in a childern hospital near new delhi???
ISOLATION!!!!
The dengue virus, first isolated in 1943, is morphologically indistinguishable from the agent causing yellow fever. Four dengue virus serotypes cause an acute febrile, generally self-limited disease, but only a minority of patients, about one per cent, may progress to the complicated disease stage.
Dengue fever has been recognized for at least several hundred years since Benjamin Rush from Philadelphia first described it as a "breakbone fever"in 1780. Frequently occurring as an epidemic in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa, its transmission has been increasing during the past few decades. Successive introduction and circulation of all four serotypes of the virus into Central, South America and the Caribbean have happened since 1977.
